Historia de vida del Dr. C. Oscar B. Alonso Chil, ejemplo para la educación médica cubana / Life history of Ph.D. Oscar B. Alonso Chil, a role model for cuban medical education

Introducción: El Dr. C. Oscar B. Alonso Chil (1930-2021) formó parte de los médicos que permanecieron en Cuba después del triunfo de la Revolución. Fue fundador de servicios de asistencia en medicina interna y geriatría, y realizó importantes contribuciones a la docencia médica. Objetivo: Exponer la trayectoria de Oscar B. Alonso Chil como médico y docente de la medicina cubana revolucionaria, a través de su historia de vida. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de tipo descriptivo y de corte cualitativo, donde se utilizó la técnica de la historia de vida, centrada en el aspecto profesional. Para ello se hizo una entrevista semiestructurada al testimoniante como fuente fundamental de información. Se validó el testimonio oral mediante la revisión de la documentación oficial en su expediente docente y la literatura científica existente relacionada con el tema, además de entrevistas a sus alumnos y compañeros de trabajo. Desarrollo: Se constató que fundó servicios; organizó la actividad docente; realizó tutorías, publicaciones y asesorías; y fue miembro de tribunales y consejos científicos. Cada una de sus actividades las desempeñó con gran compromiso e incondicionalidad a su profesión, lo cual le generó mucha satisfacción con la vida. Llegó a ostentar las más altas distinciones por su trabajo: Especialista de Segundo Grado en Medicina Interna, y Profesor Titular, Consultante y de Mérito de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana. Conclusiones: Oscar B. Alonso Chil contribuyó al desarrollo de la medina interna en Cuba en la etapa revolucionaria. Este profesor representa un modelo para los estudiantes de ciencias médicas por su prestigio profesional y científico(AU)

Introduction: Ph.D. Oscar B. Alonso Chil (b. 1930-d. 2021) was one of the physicians who stayed in Cuba after the triumph of the Revolution. He was a founder of the healthcare services for internal medicine and geriatrics, and made important contributions to medical teaching. Objective: To present the professional career of Oscar B. Alonso Chil as a physician and teacher of revolutionary Cuban medicine, through his life history. Methods: A descriptive and qualitative study was carried out, using the life history technique, focused on the professional aspect. For this purpose, a semistructured interview was conducted with the testimony witness as a fundamental source of information. The oral testimony was validated by reviewing the official documentation in his teaching file and the existing scientific literature related to the subject; in addition to interviews with his students and coworkers. Development: It was observed that he founded services, organized the teaching activity, supervised research, made publications and consultancies, and was a member of scientific boards and councils. He performed each of these activities with great commitment and unconditionality to his profession, which gave him great satisfaction with life. He achieved holding the highest distinctions for his work: second-degree specialist in Internal Medicine, as well as Full Professor, Faculty Consultant and Emeritus Professor of the University of Medical Sciences of Havana. Conclusions: Oscar B. Alonso Chil contributed to the development of internal medicine in Cuba during the revolutionary period. This professor represents a role model for students of medical sciences due to his professional and scientific prestige(AU)

Avaliação da Qualidade de Vida em Crianças Obesas em um Ambulatório Universitário / Quality of Life Assessment in Obese Children in a University Outpatient Clinic

Introdução: A obesidade infantil representa um grande desafio de saúde pública, pois suas repercussões na criança englobam alterações físicas, fisiológicas e emocionais, resultando em risco de interferência na qualidade de vida. O presente estudo buscou avaliar a qualidade de vida de crianças obesas de um ambulatório universitário do sul de Santa Catarina. Métodos: Estudo observacional com delineamento transversal com crianças obesas dos Ambulatórios Médicos de Saúde da Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina. Aplicaram-se os seguintes instrumentos: Autoquestionnaire Qualité de Vie Enfant Imagé (AUQEI), questionário sociodemográfico elaborado pelas autoras e pesquisa de dados em prontuário. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 44 crianças obesas com idades entre quatro e doze anos. O escore médio total obtido pela avaliação da qualidade de vida através do AUQEI foi de 48,7 pontos, representando qualidade de vida não prejudicada. O fator família obteve o maior valor e os fatores autonomia e lazer, os menores valores. Quanto às questões específicas, os mais altos escores foram aqueles relacionados a aniversário e férias, e os mais baixos, à hospitalização e a estar longe da família. Houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre o fator autonomia com a frequência à escola e entre o fator família com a presença de irmãos. Conclusão: Não houve prejuízo na qualidade de vida das crianças obesas, apesar da proximidade do escore médio total com a nota de corte (<48). A maior média no AUQEI para o fator família demonstrou a importância desse meio para a vida das crianças.

Introduction: Childhood obesity represents a significant public health challenge because its repercussions on the child encompass physical, physiological, and emotional alterations, resulting in a risk of interference with quality of life. The present study aimed to evaluate the quality of life of obese children from a university outpatient clinic in southern Santa Catarina. Methods: Observational study with cross-sectional design with obese children from the outpatient clinic of the University of Southern Santa Catarina (Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina [UNISUL]). The following instruments were applied: Autoquestionnaire Qualité de Vie Enfant Imagé (AUQEI), a sociodemographic questionnaire prepared by the authors, and research of data in medical records. Results: Forty-four obese children with ages ranging from four to twelve years participated in the study. The total mean score obtained by evaluating the quality of life through the AUQEI was 48.7 points, representing an unimpaired quality of life. The family factor achieved the highest score, and the autonomy and leisure factors the lowest scores. As for the specific questions, birthdays and vacations got the highest scores, and hospitalization and being away from the family scored the lowest. There was a statistically significant association between the autonomy factor and school attendance and between the family factor and the presence of siblings. Conclusion: There was no impairment in the quality of life of obese children despite the proximity of the total mean score to the cutoff score (<48). The highest mean AUQEI score for the family factor demonstrated the importance of this environment for the children's lives.

Age‑Appropriate Feeding Practices and Nutritional Status of Slum‑Dwelling Young Children in Kolkata during COVID‑19 Pandemic: A Cross‑Sectional Study

Introduction: COVID‑19 pandemic was postulated to affect the infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices and their nutritional status. This study was planned to assess IYCF practices and nutritional status of infant and young children residing in slum areas and their association with selected background characteristics. Materials and Methods: Acommunity‑based, cross‑sectional study was conducted in slums of Kolkata Municipal Corporation among 161 mother–child dyads from October to December 2020. After obtaining informed consent, mothers were interviewed to collect information about their socioeconomic status, hardship faced during pandemic, and IYCF practices of their children using indicators proposed by the World Health Organization and Government of India. Weight and height were measured using the standard operating protocol. The proportion was used to express descriptive statistics. Binary logistic regression models were used for calculating the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) using PSPP (v 1.20). Results: Only 64 (39.8%) children received age‑appropriate feeding; 73 (45.3%) had single/multiple anthropometric failure(s). Reduction of family income was reported by 142 (88.2%) respondents. Children aged 6–8 months (AOR = 17.08, 6.43–45.42) were more likely to not have appropriate feeding. Association of female gender (AOR = 2.00, 1.01–4.00), maternal education less than middle class (AOR = 2.58, 1.22–5.46), and lack of appropriate feeding (AOR = 2.57, 1.08–6.12) were statistically significant with the presence of anthropometric failure. Conclusions: The study revealed a dismal scenario of child feeding and nutritional status of young children in the urban slums of Kolkata. Pandemic and imposed restrictions hit the families hard by reducing income and increasing food‑related costs.

Guía de diagnóstico y tratamiento: asma bronquial en niños ≥ 6 años. Actualización 2021 / Guideline on diagnosis and treatment: bronchial asthma in children ≥ 6 years old. Update 2021

En 1995 se publicó en Archivos Argentinos de Pediatría la primera "Guía de diagnóstico y tratamiento: asma bronquial en niños". En 2007 y 2016 se realizaron actualizaciones. Luego de 5 años se presentan los nuevos contenidos. Las modificaciones más relevantes, aunque no las únicas, se observan en las estrategias terapéuticas. En esta versión se estratifica el tratamiento en "niveles" (1 a 5). El paradigma de cambio en el tratamiento crónico del asma consiste en erradicar la prescripción de broncodilatadores (salbutamol) a demanda, por un lado, y por otro, aparece la opción de tratamiento combinado intermitente con corticoides inhalados y broncodilatadores acción prolongada (LABA) para las formas más leves (niveles 1 y 2), en niños de 12 años o mayores. Aún no se dispone de suficiente evidencia que avale estas opciones en menores de 12 años, por lo que se mantienen las normativas previas vigentes en este grupo. Para más detalles, sugerimos la lectura del documento completo

In 1995, the first Guideline on Diagnosis and Treatment for Childhood Asthma was published in Archivos Argentinos de Pediatría. Updates were made in 2007 and 2016. After 5 years, the new contents are presented. The most relevant modifications, although not the only ones, are observed in therapeutic strategies. In this version, treatment is stratified into "levels" (1 to 5). The current paradigm of change in chronic asthma treatment consists in eradicating the prescription of bronchodilators (salbutamol) on demand. Besides that, the option of intermittent treatment with inhaled corticosteroids plus long-acting bronchodilators (LABA) appears for milder forms (levels 1 and 2) in children > 12 years old. There is still not enough evidence to support these options in < 12 years old maintaining the previous recommendations in this group. For more details we suggest reading the full document.

Quality of life in enuretic children

ABSTRACT Introduction: Nocturnal enuresis is a highly incident chronic disorder that generates countless problems to the child and their parents. Bed-wetting has significant negative impacts on self-esteem and the performance of children. The aim of the current study is to assess the quality of life of enuretic children, as well as its association to sex and age. Patients and Methods: Thirty-nine enuretic children (23 boys) and 49 healthy children (27 boys) without any history of previous treatment for enuresis or voiding dysfunction were included. Age ranged between 6 and 11 years old. The "AUQEI" questionnaire was applied in a private environment to all children by the same researcher (psychologist) to evaluate quality of life. Results: Enuretic children displayed loss in quality of life when compared to non-enuretic (35.9% of enuretic x 16.3% of non-enuretic, p=0.035). They were mostly affected in their daily activities (p=0.02). No significant differences were found in the association of sex and gender with quality of life. These results suggest that, children with nocturnal enuresis have 2.87 times more chances of having loss in quality of life compared to non-enuretic. Conclusions: Enuresis has a great impact in quality of life of children. This impact is not related to the age or sex of the child.

Exantema periflexural asimétrico de la infancia: reporte de 2 casos / Asymmetric periflexural exanthem of childhood: 2 case reports

El exantema periflexural asimétrico de la infancia es una entidad subdiagnosticada, de etiología incierta, que afecta, predominantemente, a niñas alrededor de los dos años de edad. Se caracteriza por ser un exantema que solo afecta a un hemicuerpo y que se resuelve sin tratamiento específico.Se reportan dos casos clínicos acerca de esta entidad. El primero, referente a una niña de 14 meses con exantema papuloeritematoso de inicio en la axila siete días antes y extensión a la extremidad superior y el hemitronco ipsilateral sin otras alteraciones. El segundo, referente a una niña de 24 meses de edad con exantema papuloeritematoso pruriginoso de inicio en la extremidad inferior izquierda y la posterior extensión por el hemicuerpo izquierdo.Dadas las características del exantema y la edad de las pacientes, se diagnosticó exantema periflexural asimétrico y recibió tratamiento sintomático, con resolución del cuadro de forma espontánea

The asymmetric periflexural exanthema of childhood is an underdiagnosed entity of unknown etiology that affects, most commonly, girls around two years of age. Clinically, it affects only one side of the body and it eventually disappears without the need of any specific treatment.We report two cases of this entity. The first case is a 14-month-old female patient with an erythematosus papular eruption that initiates near the axilla and progresses, in a period of seven days, towards the ipsilateral upper limb and hemithorax, with no other alterations. The second case is a 24-month-old female with a pruriginous erythematosus papular exanthema that begins on the left lower extremity and extends throughout the left hemibody.Due to the characteristics of the exanthema and the age range of the patients, they were diagnosed with asymmetric periflexural exanthema. They both received symptomatic treatment with spontaneous resolution of the condition

Características da produção científica sobre o trabalho infantil na América Latina / Características de la producción científica sobre el trabajo infantil en Latinoamérica / Characteristics of research on child labor in Latin America

O presente estudo analisou as características da produção científica sobre trabalho infantil na América Latina, de 2004 a 2014. Foram encontrados 114 trabalhos, nas bases de dados LILACS e SciELO. Os artigos foram categorizados com base nos conceitos de campo e agentes sociais de Pierre Bourdieu, destacando os produtores, os locais de publicação, os objetos e discursos. Observou-se um crescimento da produção no período, especificamente a partir de 2006. O Brasil ocupou a posição dominante na produção científica com 80,7% do total, seguido da Colômbia, Argentina e México. Os objetos de estudo são majoritariamente de abordagem qualitativa (55,3%) e metade dos artigos está indexada em revistas Qualis B1 ou superior. Apenas 14,9% das pesquisas, no entanto, receberam financiamento. Os produtores são de origens diversas, com a participação de psicólogos (26,3%), enfermeiros (17,5%) e economistas (13,2%). Os estudos estão situados em subáreas das Ciências Humanas, constituídas pelos discursos da Psicologia Social e do Desenvolvimento; Ciências da Saúde com destaque para os estudos epidemiológicos, pautados nos conceitos da enfermagem do trabalho e na subárea de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas com os estudos econômicos. Observou-se que os objetos de estudos relacionados ao trabalho infantil focam seu interesse na relação deste com a saúde, a educação, o trabalho e a assistência social, com pouca interdisciplinaridade nas publicações.

Este estudio analizó las características de la producción científica sobre el trabajo infantil en Latinoamérica desde 2004 hasta 2014. Se encontraron 114 trabajos en las bases de datos LILACS y SciELO. Se categorizaron los artículos a partir de los conceptos de campo y agentes sociales de Pierre Bourdieu, destacando productores, lugares de publicación, objetos y discursos. Se observó un crecimiento de la producción en este período, específicamente a partir de 2006. Brasil ocupó la posición dominante en la producción científica con un 80,7% de la producción, seguido de Colombia, Argentina y México. Los objetos de estudio son mayoritariamente de abordaje cualitativo (55,3%) y la mitad de los artículos están indexados en revistas Qualis B1 o superiores. No obstante, solamente un 14,9% de las investigaciones recibieron financiación. Los productores tienen orígenes diversos, hay psicólogos (26,3%), enfermeros (17,5%) y economistas (13,2%). Los estudios están situados en las subáreas de las Ciencias Humanas, constituidas por los discursos de la Psicología Social y del Desarrollo; Ciencias de la Salud con énfasis en estudios epidemiológicos, según conceptos de enfermería laboral y dentro de la subárea de las Ciencias Sociales Aplicadas con estudios económicos. Se observó que los objetos de estudio relacionados con el trabajo infantil enfocan su interés en la relación de éste último con la salud, la educación, el trabajo y la asistencia social, con poca interdisciplinaridad en las publicaciones.

The current study analyzed the characteristics of research on child labor in Latin America from 2004 to 2014. A total of 114 studies were identified in the LILACS and SciELO databases. The articles were categorized according to the concepts of field and social agents, as in Pierre Bourdieu, highlighting the authors, places of publication, objects, and discourses. An increase was observed in the research output during this period, specifically since 2006. Brazil held a dominant position in the research with 80.7% of the total publications, followed by Colombia, Argentina, and Mexico. The objects of study are mostly qualitative approaches (55.3%), and half of the articles are indexed in Qualis B1 journals or higher. However, only 14.9% of the studies had received funding. The authors have various backgrounds, featuring participation by psychologists (26.3%), nurses (17.5%), and economists (13.2%). The studies are situated in subareas of the Human Sciences, consisting of the discourses of Social and Developmental Psychology; Health Sciences, featuring epidemiological studies, based on concepts from occupational health nursing; and the subarea of Applied Social Sciences with studies in economics. The objects of studies on child labor focus their interest on its relationship to health, education, work, and social assistance, with little interdisciplinarity in the publications.

Analysis of Functioning and Disability, and Design of Individualized Rehabilitation Strategies for Children with Cerebral Palsy Using ICF-CY / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective To explore the functioning and disability and individualized rehabilitation strategies for children with cerebral pal-sy using ICF-CY. Methods ICF-CY core set for children with cerebral palsy was used, and literatures of functioning and disability (motor function) and physical activity and exercise rehabilitation for children with cerebral palsy were reviewed systematically. Based on the theo-retical framework of ICF-CY and the theories of children's development, the rehabilitation strategies for children with cerebral palsy were discussed. Results The main functioning and disability for children with cerebral palsy were impairment of brain structure and nerve system-and motor function at body level;activity limitation and participation restriction in cognition, mobility and self-care, and restriction in partic-ipation in games, leisure and educational activities at individual level and related environmental factors. The rehabilitation strategies of chil-dren with cerebral palsy should be based on the physical structure and function, activities and participation, as well as environmental factors, to develop programs that met the characteristics of the individual. Conclusion The characteristics of functioning and disability for children with cerebral palsy were analyzed using ICF-CY. Individualized rehabilitation strategies should be developed to promote the overall develop-ments for children with cerebral palsy.

Expression of Pentraxin 3 in Children with Henoch-Sch?enlein Purpura / 中国医科大学学报

Objective Henoch-Sch?nlein purpura(HSP)is a common multisystemic vasculitis in children ,but the exact pathogenesis remains unknown. Pentraxin 3(PTX3),a new kind of inflammatory cytokines,has a strong inflammatory effect,and is involved in occurrence and develop-ment of a variety of autoimmune diseases. The objective of this study is to evaluate the expression of PTX3,interleukin-8(IL-8),tumor necrosis fac-tor-α(TNF-α)and high sensitivity C-reactive protein(hs-CRP)in children with HSP,and explore the clinical significance of PTX3 in HSP devel-opment. Methods Thirty-six children(HSP group)and 17 healthy children(control group)were enrolled in the study. Serum levels of PTX3,IL-8 and TNF-α were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serum hs-CRP levels were measured by automatic biochemical analyzer. Re-sults The serum levels of PTX3,IL-8,TNF-α,and hs-CRP were up-regulated in HSP group compared with the control group(P0.05). The expression of PTX3,IL-8,TNF-α and hs-CRP in HSP patients had no gender difference(all P>0.05). Con-clusion The high expression of PTX3 is related to the degree of inflammation in children with HSP. The up-regulated expression of PTX3 may play an important role in pathogenesis of HSP in children.

Analysis of Functioning and Disability, and Design of Individualized Rehabilitation Strategies for Children with Cerebral Palsy Using ICF-CY / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective To explore the functioning and disability and individualized rehabilitation strategies for children with cerebral pal-sy using ICF-CY. Methods ICF-CY core set for children with cerebral palsy was used, and literatures of functioning and disability (motor function) and physical activity and exercise rehabilitation for children with cerebral palsy were reviewed systematically. Based on the theo-retical framework of ICF-CY and the theories of children's development, the rehabilitation strategies for children with cerebral palsy were discussed. Results The main functioning and disability for children with cerebral palsy were impairment of brain structure and nerve system-and motor function at body level;activity limitation and participation restriction in cognition, mobility and self-care, and restriction in partic-ipation in games, leisure and educational activities at individual level and related environmental factors. The rehabilitation strategies of chil-dren with cerebral palsy should be based on the physical structure and function, activities and participation, as well as environmental factors, to develop programs that met the characteristics of the individual. Conclusion The characteristics of functioning and disability for children with cerebral palsy were analyzed using ICF-CY. Individualized rehabilitation strategies should be developed to promote the overall develop-ments for children with cerebral palsy.

Interações iniciais entre pais, mães e bebês de 0 a 3 anos: Revisão de literatura / Early interactions between fathers, mothers and babies from 0 to 3 years old: Review of the literature / Interacciones iniciales entre padres, madres y bebés de 0 a 3 años: Revisión de literatura

Resumo O estudo das interações iniciais dos bebês com seus cuidadores pode ser feito a partir da análise da responsividade parental. Com o objetivo de revisar os aspectos metodológicos e as tendências de análise das interações iniciais em estudos produzidos no Brasil, foram selecionados e analisados 110 artigos em bases eletrônicas de dados (Lilacs, SciELO, IndexPsi-Periódicos e Periódicos Capes). Os resultados apontaram para a predominância de estudos observacionais envolvendo as interações diádicas mãe-bebê. A coleta dos dados mais frequente foi por meio de combinação de instrumentos diretos e indiretos, e a análise se distribuiu de forma equivalente entre métodos qualitativos e quantitativos. Encontraram-se 55% de estudos sobre processos de desenvolvimento típico das interações e 45% de estudos com populações com risco biológico e social, abrindo questões para estudos futuros. Finalmente, sucedeu-se a análise dos fenômenos observados, levantando a discussão sobre os métodos de pesquisa na ciência psicológica.

Abstract The study of early interactions between babies and their caretakers can be performed from the analysis of parental responsiveness. Aiming to review the methodological aspects and trends in the analyses of early interactions from studies performed in Brazil, 110 articles were chosen from electronic databases (Lilacs, SciELO, IndexPsi-Periódicos and Periódicos Capes) and then they were fully analyzed. The results revealed a predominance of observational studies involving dyadic mother-baby interactions. The most frequently form of data collection combined direct and indirect methods; and the analysis was equivalently distributed between qualitative and quantitative methods. Of the studies found, 55% of the studies focused on the developmental processes that are typical of interactions, and 45% of the studies focused on processes among populations at biological and social risk, which brought up relevant questions for future studies. Finally, the analysis of interactions raises discussion of the research methods in the psychological science.

Resumen El estudio de las interacciones iniciales de los bebés con sus cuidadores puede hacerse desde el análisis de la responsividad parental. Para revisar los aspectos metodológicos y tendencias de análisis de las interacciones iniciales en los estudios producidos en Brasil, se seleccionaron y analizaron 110 artículos en bases de datos electrónicas (Lilacs, SciELO, IndexPsi-Periódicos y Periódicos Capes). Los resultados señalaron el predominio de los estudios observacionales que implican interacciones diádicas madre-niño. La recolección de datos más frecuente fue a través de una combinación de instrumentos directos e indirectos, y el análisis se distribuyó de forma equivalente entre métodos cualitativos y cuantitativos. Se han encontrado 55% de estudios sobre los procesos de desarrollo típico de las interacciones y 45% de estudios con poblaciones con riesgo biológico y social, abriendo preguntas para futuros estudios. Por último, se hizo el análisis de los fenómenos observados, levantando la discusión sobre los métodos de investigación en la ciencia psicológica.

Clinical Observation of Levodopa Combined with Comprehensive Therapy for Ametropic Amblyopia Chil-dren and Teenagers / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the clinical efficacy of levodopa combined with comprehensive therapy for ametropic amblyopia children and teenagers and its effeets on pattern visual evoked potential(P-VEP)and visual function. METHODS:70 pa-tients(80 eyes)with ametropic amblyopia were randomly divided into observation group(35 cases,40 eyes)and control group(35 cases,38 eyes). Control group received comprehensive therapy as wearing correctional glasses,occlusion therapy and visual stimu-lation training;observation group additionally received levodopa 0.125(d1-3)-0.25 g/time,bid,on the basis of control group for 6 months. Therapeutic efficacy,P-VEP,Visual sensitivity and visual function were compared between two groups,and the occur-rence of ADR was recorded. RESULTS:The effective rate of observation group(92.50%)was significantly higher than that of con-trol group(76.32%),with statistical significance(P0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Levodopa combined with comprehensive therapy can improve the function of visual central neurons,and improve visual acuity and binocular stereo vision functions so as to improve therapy efficacy.

Uso de la nitazoxanida en el tratamiento de niños infectados con Giardia Lamblia / USE OF NITAZOXANIDE IN THE TREATMENT OF CHILDREN INFECTED WITH GIARDIA LAMBLIA

Introducción: La nitazoxanida es una nueva droga que ha mostrado ser útil contra diversos protozoarios intestinales in­cluyendo Giardia lamblia. Sin embargo, hay pocos trabajos al respecto a nivel nacional y regional. Se realizó un estudio para comprobar la utilidad terapéutica de la nitazoxanida en niños infectados con G. lamblia, habitantes de Ciudad Bolívar, estado Bolívar. Pacientes y métodos: Se diagnos­ticaron y seleccionaron 21 casos de niños parasitados con G. lamblia y fueron tratados con nitazoxanida, después se realizaron 3 controles post-tratamiento a los 7, 15 y 21 días mediante los métodos coproparasitólogicos de examen direc­to, Kato y sedimentación espontánea. Resultados: El por­centaje global de cura parasitológica fue de 37,5% (6/16) constituidos por 6 niños en quienes se erradicó el parásito posterior al tratamiento. De este análisis se excluyeron 5 niños de los 21 tratados debido a que no acudieron a uno o más controles post-tratamiento. Ninguno de los niños que recibie­ron el tratamiento con nitazoxanida presentó efectos adversos. Conclusión: En el grupo estudiado y debido a su bajo por­centaje de cura parasitológica, la nitazoxanida no parece ser la droga de elección y su uso debería reservarse en casos de falla terapéutica del metronidazol o cuando exista intolerancia a esta droga.

Introduction: Nitazoxanide is a new drug that has shown to be helpful against various intestinal protozoa including Giar­dia lamblia. However, there are few studies on the subject at national and regional scopes. A study was conducted to test the therapeutic utility of nitazoxanide in children infected with G. lamblia, citizens of Ciudad Bolívar, Bolívar state. Pa­tients and methods: Were diagnosed and selected 21 cases of children parasitized G. lamblia and they were treated with nitazoxanide, then 3 post-treatment controls at 7, 15 and 21 days using the methods of direct parasitological examina­tion, Kato and spontaneous sedimentation were performed. Results: The overall percentage of parasitological cure was 37.5 % (6/16) consisting of 6 children in whom posttreatment parasite was eradicated. From this analysis, 5 of the 21 trea­ted children were excluded because they did not attended one or more post- treatment controls. None of the children who received treatment with nitazoxanide presented adverse effects. Conclusion: In the group studied, and due to their low percentage of parasitological cure, nitazoxanide not ap­pear to be the drug of choice and should be reserved for use in cases of therapeutic failure or when there is intolerance to metronidazole.

Lamotrigine for absence seizures in children and adolescents：a systematic review / 药学实践杂志

Objective To assess the efficacy and safety of lamotrigine for absence seizures in children and adolescents . Methods Databases of PubMed ,the Cochrane Library ,EMbase ,CENTRAL ,VIP ,WanFang ,CBM and CNKI were electron-ically searched till August ,2014 for clinical trials on lamotrigine for absence seizures in children and adolescents .All literature were screened by two reviewers independently according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria .The data was extracted ,and the methodological quality was assessed .Then ,meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5 .2 .Results Seven trials were in-cluded involving a total of 721 patients .The results of methodological qualities were two studies rated as A-class ,three studies rated as B-class and two studies rated as C-class .Meta-analysis results showed that the efficacy of lamotrigine monotherapy for absence seizure in children and adolescents was better than placebo ,but efficacy of lamotrigine was lower than valproic acid and ethosuximide .The adverse reaction rates of lamotrigine were with no significant difference compared with valproic acid and et-hosuximide .Conclusion Lamotrigine monotherapy was effective for absence seizures in children and adolescents and was well tolerated .Lamotrigine was a good choice for patients that are intolerable to valproic acid or ethosuximide .

Body Function and Activity and Participation in Children with Cerebral Palsy Aged 7-12 Years Using ICF-CY Questionnaire / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective To evaluate the functioning of children with cerebral palsy. Methods 22 children with cerebral palsy aged 7-12 years were investigated with ICF-CY Questionnaire. Results There were impairments in body function of mental function, neuromusculosk-eletal and movement related functions, sensory functions and pain. There were barriers in activity and participation in the domains of learn-ing and applying knowledge, general tasks and demands, communication, mobility, self-care, domestic life, interpersonal interactions and re-lations, major life areas, and community, social and civil life. The mental function and neuromusculoskeletal and movement related func-tions correlated with the most domains of activity and participation (P<0.05). Conclusion Children with cerebral palsy are severe in activity and participation, which may be mainly associated with the impairments of mental function and neuromusculoskeletal and movement related functions.

A Novel Recombinant BCG Vaccine Encoding Eimeria tenella Rhomboid and Chicken IL-2 Induces Protective Immunity Against Coccidiosis

A novel recombinant Bacille Calmette-Guerin (rBCG) vaccine co-expressed Eimeria tenella rhomboid and cytokine chicken IL-2 (chIL-2) was constructed, and its efficacy against E. tenella challenge was observed. The rhomboid gene of E. tenella and chIL-2 gene were subcloned into integrative expression vector pMV361, producing vaccines rBCG pMV361-rho and pMV361-rho-IL2. Animal experiment via intranasal and subcutaneous route in chickens was carried out to evaluate the immune efficacy of the vaccines. The results indicated that these rBCG vaccines could obviously alleviate cacal lesions and oocyst output. Intranasal immunization with pMV361-rho and pMV361-rho-IL2 elicited better protective immunity against E. tenella than subcutaneous immunization. Splenocytes from chickens immunized with either rBCG pMV361-rho and pMV361-rho-IL2 had increased CD4+ and CD8+ cell production. Our data indicate recombinant BCG is able to impart partial protection against E. tenella challenge and co-expression of cytokine with antigen was an effective strategy to improve vaccine immunity.

Sobrepeso, obesidad y desnutrición crónica en niños de 6 a 9 años en Perú, 2009-2010 / Overweight, obesity and chronic mal nutrition in 6 to 9 year-old children in Peru, 2009-2010

Objetivos. Determinar la prevalencia de sobrepeso, obesidad y desnutrición crónica en niños de 6 a 9 años en Perú. Materiales y métodos . Estudio transversal utilizando la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares del 2009 al 2010. Se analizó la relación talla/edad con referencias del National Center for Health Statistic (NCSH) y de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), considerando debajo de menos dos desviaciones estándar para desnutrición crónica (DC); y las tablas de referencias de Must y de la OMS para medir el índice de masa corporal con valores percentiles entre 85 y 95 para sobrepeso y por encima del percentil 95 para obesidad. Resultados. Utilizando como referencia Must el sobrepeso fue 12,1% y la obesidad 9,4%, y de acuerdo a la OMS el sobrepeso y la obesidad fueron 10,2 y 11,3% respectivamente. La prevalencia de DC según referencias de la NCSH y OMS es 15,4 y 17,8% respectivamente. Mayor prevalencia de DC se encuentran en la sierra norte (25,2%), sierra centro (22,9%) y sierra sur (19%), mientras que la obesidad está más presente en la costa sur (28%), Lima Metropolitana (22,8%) y costa centro (22,5%). De los niños con DC el 6,5% tiene sobrepeso y 1,2% obesidad. Conclusiones. La DC está disminuyendo por cuanto los promedios de talla han mejorado, sin embargo la obesidad se ha duplicado. La presencia de DC y obesidad en niños de 6 a 9 años en diferentes regiones del Perú propone un reto en la planificación de políticas de alimentación y nutrición.

Objectives. To determine the prevalence of overweight, obesity and chronic malnutrition in 6- to 9-year-old children in Peru. Materials and methods. A cross-cutting study based on the 2009-2010 National Household Survey. The size/age ratio was analyzed with references of the National Center for Health Statistic (NCSH) and the World Health Organization (WHO), considering less than two standard deviations for chronic malnutrition (CM); and the Must and WHO reference tables to measure the body mass index with 85 to 95 percentile values for overweight and above 95 for obesity. Results. With Must as reference, overweight was 12.1% and obesity 9.4%, and according to WHO overweight and obesity were 10.2 and 11.3% respectively. The prevalence of CM according to NCSH and WHO is 15.4 and 17.8% respectively. The highest prevalence of CM is in the north (25.2%), center (22.9%) and south of (19%) the Highland, while obesity is more present in the south coast (28%), Metropolitan Lima (22.8%) and the central Coast (22.5%). Of all the children with CM, 6.5% has overweight and 1.2% obesity. Conclusions. CM is decreasing because size averages have improved, however obesity has doubled. The presence of CM and obesity in children aged 6 to 9 years old in different regions of Peru poses a challenge in the planning of food and nutrition policies.

Trastornos por déficit de atención y síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño en la edad pediátrica / Attention Deficit Disorder and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in Children

El trastorno por déficit de atención con o sin hiperactividad es la entidad neuropsiquiátrica más frecuente en la infancia; sin embargo, su forma clínica más rara es la que se exhibe de forma aislada, es decir, limitada a las manifestaciones propias del trastorno. La asociación comórbida entre los trastornos respiratorios asociados al sueño y el trastorno por déficit de atención con o sin hiperactividad, afecta aproximadamente el 30 % de los pacientes, por lo que es necesario evaluar sistemáticamente a los niños con sospecha de dicho trastorno en busca de alteraciones del sueño, especialmente el síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño, ya que estos dos procesos comparten mecanismos neurobiológicos comunes, además de existir un solapamiento entre los síntomas de ambos. El diagnóstico y el tratamiento oportunos del síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño en los pacientes con manifestaciones clínicas compatibles con trastorno por déficit de atención con o sin hiperactividad, se asocia a menudo con una mejoría en los síntomas y una disminución de la necesidad de medicación estimulante.

Attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity is the most common neuropsychiatric condition in childhood. Nevertheless, its strangest clinical form is the one presented in isolation, that is, limited to the manifestations of the disorder as such. The comorbid association between sleep-related breathing disorders and attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity affects approximately 30% of patients, making it necessary to systematically evaluate children suspected of this disorder in a search for sleep alterations, especially obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, as these two processes share common neurobiological mechanisms. In addition, there is an overlap of both symptoms. The timely diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in patients with clinical manifestations consistent with attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity, is often associated with an improvement in symptoms and a decrease in the need for stimulant medication.

Percepção de acadêmicos de odontologia sobre maus-tratos na infância / Perception of students of dentistry on abuse in childhood

Objetivo: verificar a percepção de acadêmicos do 4º e 5º ano de Odontologia da Universidade Estadual daParaíba acerca dos maus-tratos infantis. Metodologia: O estudo foi do tipo quantitativo, descritivo, de corte transversal, no qual se utilizou um questionário auto-aplicável semi-estrututado em 91 alunos, no períodode março a junho de 2010. Resultados: Observou-se que a maioria dos acadêmicos soube definir os maus-tratos infantis adequadamente (65,4%), porém nenhum acadêmico soube classificar corretamente;foram pouco apontados os seus sinais/ sintomas bucais (31,4%); a maioria da amostra soube informara conduta a ser adotada diante de casos de maus-tratos infantis (83,3%); a maior parte dos acadêmicos teve pouco contato com o tema maus-tratos infantis durante a sua formação universitária (34,1%); grande parte dos pesquisados possuía interesse de aprender sobre o assunto (95,6%). Conclusão: de uma forma geral, houve uma percepção razoável dos acadêmicos pesquisados sobre maus-tratos infantis.

Objective: To verify the perception of students in 4th and 5th year of Dentistry of State University ofParaiba about child abuse. Methods: The study was quantitative, descriptive, cross sectional, and useda self-administered semi-structured questionnaire in 91 students in the period from March to June2010. Results: It was observed that most students knew how to define child abuse properly (65.4%), butnone of them knew the correct classification; mouth signs/symptoms were rarely appointed (31.4%);the majority of the sample knew how to inform the approach to be used in cases of child abuse (83.3%);most of the students had little contact with the child abuse theme during their undergraduate course(34.1%); the majority of respondents had interest in learning about the subject (95.6%). Conclusions: in general, there was a reasonable perception of the academics surveyed about child abuse.